Your bones and teeth are made from a supernova

Calcium-rich explosions dot the Universe. One discovery in Seattle led to a worldwide race to learn more.

A SUPERNOVA FIRST DETECTED IN 2005 changed humanity’s perception of the Universe, and one of the minerals needed to support life — calcium.

Researchers eventually determined that the explosion, and ones like it, were responsible for the high abundance of calcium in the Universe, including all calcium on Earth, which includes your bones.

Now, scientists have been able to study one of the mysterious “calcium-rich supernovae” with X-rays for the first time.

CALCIUM-RICH SUPERNOVAE WERE FIRST ANNOUNCED to the world a decade ago when a low-mass white dwarf exploded. White dwarfs are stars that have been compacted into around the size of planets, creating immense amounts of pressure. Already in a delicate balance, this white dwarf was siphoning off helium from a sister star. There’s a limit to the mass a white dwarf can attain, around 1.4 times the mass of the Sun.

Too much helium created a violent shockwave, possibly destroying the star and creating an explosion that could be detected 100 million light-years away on Earth. Scientists calculated that half of the mass ejected through the explosion was calcium, and a new subclass of supernova was born.

Ten years later, their mysteries still befuddle scientists like Wynn Jacobson-Galan, a first-year Northwestern graduate student who led the current study (here is the preprint), published in Astrophysical Journal. Speaking in a press statement, Jacobson-Galan noted that these explosions “are so few in number that we have never known what produced calcium-rich supernova."

That’s why Jacobson-Galan’s team chose to explore Supernova (SN) 2019ehk, which scientists have noticed shows similarities in terms of origin with other calcium-rich explosions. The team believes that in its former life, SN 2019ehk was likely a white dwarf or a low-mass massive star.

X-RAY IMAGING HAS REVEALED several concrete facts about these explosions, most notably how they create their calcium. A calcium-rich supernova is, in fact, a compact star that sheds an outer layer of gas during its last life stages. The matter within the star collides with the star’s outer shell, which is mostly helium and hydrogen, heated up to around 100,000 degrees Fahrenheit.

When the matter within and the outer shell collide, they begin a rapid chemical reaction that creates calcium, the most abundant mineral in the human body.

Temporary events, like the explosion of SN 2019ehk and its aftermath, are described in the world of astronomy as “transients.” After SN 2019ehk was discovered by an amatuer astronomer in Seattle peering into the Messier 100 spiral galaxy, international science jumped into action. Speaking to the vast nature of space, the Hubble Space Telescope has observed Messier 100 for 25 years, but never captured an image of star that exploded into SN 2019ehk.

Raffaella Margutti, an astrophysicist and senior author of the study, says that time was of the essence.

"In the world of transients, we have to discover things very, very fast before they fade. Initially, no one was looking for X-rays. Daichi Hiramatsu, a grad student at the University of California Santa Barbara] noticed something and alerted us to the strange appearance of what looked like X-rays. We looked at the images and realized something was there. It was much more luminous than anybody would have ever thought. There were no preexisting theories that predicted calcium-rich transients would be so luminous in X-ray wavelengths."

ALL CALCIUM ORIGINATES FROM THE STARS. With the help of the W.M Keck Observatory in Hawaii, home of the world’s largest optical and infrared telescopes, the Northwestern team was able to figure out that SN 2019ehk was the largest single emission of calcium ever recorded.

Margutti says that "it wasn't just calcium-rich. It was the richest of the rich."

Other solar systems could cram in as many as seven Earth-like planets

The search for life in outer space is typically focused on the habitable zone, which is the area around a star in which an orbiting planet could have liquid water.

University of California, Riverside astrobiologist Stephen Kane and colleagues had been studying a nearby system called TRAPPIST-1, which has three Earth-like planets in its habitable zone.

“This made me wonder about the maximum number of habitable planets it’s possible for a star to have, and why our star only has one. It didn’t seem fair!” Dr. Kane said.

In the study, the researchers created a model system in which they simulated planets of various sizes orbiting their stars.

An algorithm accounted for gravitational forces and helped test how the planets interacted with each other over millions of years.

They found it is possible for some stars to support as many as seven, and that a star like our Sun could potentially support six planets with liquid water.

“More than seven, and the planets become too close to each other and destabilize each other’s orbits,” Dr. Kane said.

“Why then does our Solar System only have one habitable planet if it is capable of supporting six? It helps if the planets’ movement is circular rather than oval or irregular, minimizing any close contact and maintain stable orbits.”

The scientists suspect Jupiter, which has a mass two-and-a-half times that of all the other planets in the Solar System combined, limited our system’s habitability.

“It has a big effect on the habitability of our Solar System because it’s massive and disturbs other orbits,” Dr. Kane said.

Only a handful of stars are known to have multiple planets in their habitable zones.

Moving forward, the authors plan to search for additional stars surrounded entirely by smaller planets.

They already identified one such star, Beta CVn, which is relatively close by at 27 light-years away.

Because it doesn’t have a Jupiter-like planet, it will be included as one of the stars checked for multiple habitable zone planets.

Future studies will also involve the creation of new models that examine the atmospheric chemistry of habitable zone planets in other star systems.

“Although we know Earth has been habitable for most of its history, many questions remain regarding how these favorable conditions evolved with time, and the specific drivers behind those changes,” Dr. Kane said.

“By measuring the properties of exoplanets whose evolutionary pathways may be similar to our own, we gain a preview into the past and future of this planet — and what we must do to main its habitability.”

The team’s work was published in the Astronomical Journal.