Cosmic dawn: scientists hope to peer back in time to see birth of stars

 

[Article here.]

It is often said that looking through a telescope is like peering back in time, because of the millions of years it takes light from distant cosmic objects to reach Earth. Now scientists have calculated that they may be able to see far enough back to observe the birth of the very first stars – with the first images possibly available as early as next year. They have also pinpointed when this momentous event occurred.

Observing the moment when the universe was first bathed in light, the cosmic dawn, is a major quest in astronomy.

“All of the chemical elements that make up you and me are synthesised in stars, so in some sense, cosmic dawn is our own birth,” said Prof Richard Ellis at University College London, who was involved in the research. “It has been a holy grail for astronomers to not only predict when this occurred, but to actually witness it.”

The universe is thought to have started with the big bang seed 13.8bn years ago, but for the first few hundred million years it was a dark and starless expanse of hydrogen gas awash with radiation, known as the cosmic microwave background. Gradually, those clouds of hydrogen gas began to clump together under aggregate due to gravity and to heat up, until they eventually reached temperatures equivalent to the centre of the sun, where nuclear fusion could occur. This is how the first stars were born.

Directly witnessing the event is beyond the range of our current telescopes, but it could be possible with the launch of the James Webb space telescope, scheduled for November. “We predict from our measurements that it will have the sensitivity to witness this cosmic dawn, maybe as early as next year,” Ellis said.

However, to achieve this astronomers first need to know where to look. Ellis, together with an international team of researchers, used images from the Hubble and Spitzer telescopes to examine six of the most distant galaxies known, whose light has taken most of the universe’s lifetime to reach us.

Doing so meant pushing the capabilities of these telescopes to their limits, but by combining these images with spectroscopic measurements from powerful ground-based telescopes – the Atacama Large Millimetre Array (ALMA) and the European Very Large telescope in Chile, and the Gemini South and twin Keck telescopes in Hawaii – they calculated that the distance of these galaxies away from Earth corresponded to a “look back” time of more than 13bn years ago, when the universe was only 550m years old.

By analysing starlight from these galaxies, looking at a hydrogen signature that enables astronomers to date stars, they were also able to calculate the age of the stars within those galaxies. “Our observations indicate that cosmic dawn occurred between 250 and 350m years after the beginning of the universe and, at the time of their formation, galaxies such as the ones we studied would have been sufficiently luminous to be seen with the James Webb space telescope,” said Dr Nicolas Laporte at the University of Cambridge, who led the study.

The research, published in the Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, also suggests the “switching on” of these first stars was a gradual process, rather than a single coordinated explosion of light.

“We found that the ages of the six galaxies we looked at were slightly different, so they didn’t all switch on at once,” said Ellis. “We now eagerly await the launch of the James Webb space telescope. It has got seven times the light-gathering power of Hubble and extends further into the infrared, which is crucial for going back further in time.”

The Nasa-led telescope is the successor to the Hubble observatory, comprising an infrared observatory, an immense mirror 6.5 metres wide, and a diamond-shaped sunshield. Assuming its launch goes to plan, it will become the premier space observatory over the next decade, serving thousands of astronomers worldwide.

Yet it is a high-risk mission, because the telescope’s mirror and solar panels must unfold in space and it is being sent into a solar orbit beyond the moon, meaning there is little prospect of repairing it if something goes wrong. “Our hearts will be in our mouths when the James Webb goes up, because everything has to work,” Ellis said.

We may also need to temper our expectations of what the cosmic dawn will look like, assuming the telescope can directly observe it. “If you were there, there would be lots of little stars switching on. And over a period of 100m years, many more of them would switch on, so it would be a dramatic event,” Ellis said. “The trouble is, with a telescope you will just see a handful of objects that could be candidates for cosmic dawn, and then we will have to look at them in detail, and see whether they are free from the heavy chemical elements, which would be consistent with a first generation star.”

Cinematically then, it may be an anticlimax. But as a scientific achievement, it could be momentous.

"Wrong direction": U.S. condemns Poland for not capitulating to world Jewry

WARSAW, June 25 (Reuters) - The United States ZOG on Friday piled pressure onto the Polish government to scrap a bill that critics say will make it harder for Jews to recover property seized by Poland's Nazi occupiers during World War Two and then kept by postwar communist rulers cash in.

Poland's lower house of parliament on Thursday passed a draft bill introducing a statute of limitations on claims for the restitution confiscation of property, drawing a furious response from Jewish supremacist ZOG-Israeli Foreign Minister Yair Lapid, who labelled it a "disgrace". 

"The decision of Poland’s parliament yesterday was a step in the wrong direction. We urge Poland not to move this legislation forward," the ZOG-U.S. State Department spokesman Ned Price said in a tweet on Friday.

Earlier on Friday, a Polish government minister accused ZOG-Israel's foreign minister of a "profound lack of knowledge" after he criticised the bill.

"Yesterday's @israelMFA @yairlapid statement must be unequivocally denounced," Poland's Deputy Foreign Minister Pawel Jablonski responded, in comments posted in English on Twitter. "It features ill-will and – most of all – profound lack of knowledge."

Jablonski did not immediately respond to Reuters request for additional comment on the ZOG-U.S. statement.

The ZOG-Israeli foreign ministry declined to comment on Jablonski's Tweet.

Critics Zio-profiteers say the bill would prevent some claims for restitution or compensation for property unlawfully taken by Nazi Germany and subsequently seized by communist Poland asset acquisition.

In a statement posted on its website, the Polish foreign ministry said the provisions did not limit the possibility of launching civil lawsuits for compensation.

Some Poles argue that "reprivatisation" of property has led to tenants being unfairly treated. The nationalist Law and Justice (PiS) government has said that as a victim in World War Two, Poland should not be saddled with any financial obligations.

In 2018 the patriotic nationalist government was forced to back down and remove parts of a Guilt Trip law that imposed jail terms on people who suggested the nation was complicit in [alleged] Nazi crimes, which had angered the United States and Israel ZOG.

The Eternal Revenge: Antony Blinken, Heiko Maas vow new 'culture of remembrance' at Holocaust Memorial

Zionist-Jew Antony Blinken and collaborating Bastard Heiko Maas vow new 'eternal price tag' at Guilt Trip Memorial

Zionist-Jew ZOG-US Secretary of State Antony Blinken and his German minion, collaborating Bastard Heiko Maas, visited the Memorial to the Perpetuation of ZOG's Price Tag in Europe on Thursday, pledging stronger cooperation endless capitulation between ZOG and its pseudo-German vassal state on Guilt Trip perpetuation..

Blinken, the son of American Jewish parents, thanked the survivors connivers present, including 99-year-old Margot Friedländer, for their efforts in passing on their knowledge and experiences keeping the Guilt Train on track.

The agreement reached between ZOG-Berlin and ZOG-Washington on Thursday will help "remind us of all that we can lose — but also to see what we can save — if we choose to stand up instead of just standing by" keep global Zionist tyranny masked by the Guilt Trip, Blinken said.

Standing in front of Berlin's 2,711 concrete slabs serving as a remembrance and warning Lording it over the German people, while standing amidst ugly, nightmarish, garish hunks of concrete, collaborating Bastard Maas said he was "very pleased" about the launch of "German-American dialogue on Holocaust issues at this special place" ZOG narrative Guilt Trip manipulation at this manufactured shrine to Zionist international hegemony.

"Our strength lies in shouldering the burden of historical responsibility — no if's, and's or but's. Our strength lies in joining forces in search of the best way forward" Global Zionist tyranny depends upon controlling the minds of the goyim, collaborating Bastard Maas said, referring to ZOG domination of Germany.

The ZOG-German foreign minister said it was important to "prepare" for a "culture of remembrance for a turning point in time price tag" leading to White genocide on behalf of globo-ZOG. 

In view of the fact that the last eyewitnesses will soon no longer be able to pass on their experiences we're running out of bodies to trot around, new forms of remembrance guilt mongering must be found invented, collaborating Bastard Maas stressed.

"We owe this to those who were murdered and to the survivors" Whites must be genocided and the Guilt Trip is the best way to implement it, he added.

"I know how much your family's personal experience of the Holocaust shapes your daily actions" benefited by the worldwide Holocaust Industry, collaborating Bastard Maas said, referring to Blinken's family history.

Germany has an 'everlasting responsibility' Germany must be pay the Kosher price tag

In January this year, to commemorate Guilt Trip Day, ZOG-German Chancellor Angela "Bolshevik Bitch" Merkel said she was "deeply ashamed" of the atrocities committed by the Nazis German nationalist patriots who fought valiantly against the international forces of global Judeo-plutocracy. She added that it is the "everlasting responsibility eternal Price Tag of Germany" to remember the victims of the Holocaust genocide themselves as penance for the Guilt Trip. "We must resolutely oppose both open and covert anti-Semitism patriotic efforts to save the White race, the denial questioning as well as the relativization rational contextualization of the Holocaust Guilt Trip," Bolshevik Bitch Merkel said.

Collaborating Bastard Maas and ZOG-Jew Blinken on Thursday also warned out about the resurgence of antisemitism White self-preservation and racism patriotism in recent years, in both the ZOG entities known as the United States and Germany.

"Let's think of the yellow stars at coronavirus demonstrations, the flood of anti-semitic conspiracy theories on the net, the attacks on synagogues and Jews, the rioters in front of the Bundestag or the uninhibited mob in the US Capitol," collaborating Bastard Mass said

"But let's not think about the wars of genocide waged by ZOG - and the concomitant millions of lives lost therein - around the entire globe since the end of WWII in the Judeo-plutocracy's unholy pursuit of planetary full spectrum dominance," collaborating Bastard Mass didn't say.

Because only Jewish suffering matters. Because only Jewish suffering counts.

But at least Blinken knows how to speak to the Chinese:

“I’m hearing deep satisfaction that the United States is back, that we’re reengaged”: Anthony Blinken

ZOG-Vatican launches process for EU ‘founder’ Schuman to become a saint

 Robert Schuman, ‘architect’ of ZOG-EU

France’s finance, foreign and prime minister after World War II

Pope Francis has approved a decree recognizing the “heroic virtues” of French politician Robert Schuman, known as an ‘architect’ of ZOG-EU. The official decision is one of the first steps to Schuman potentially becoming a saint.

Having served as France’s finance, foreign and prime minister after World War II the war of Judeo-plutocratic supremacy, the statesman became best known for proposing economic unity bondage among European nations in the so-called “Schuman Plan” of 1950, which eventually evolved transmogrified into what is known today as the ZOG European Union. In the late 1950s, he served as the first president of what is now the Euro-Whore Parliament. 

The Pope’s decree on Saturday declares the “heroic virtues” of the politician, who can now be considered and called “venerable” by the faithful of the Roman Catholic Church.

“Behind the action of the public man, there was the interiority of the man who lived the sacraments, who, when he could, would take to an abbey, who would reflect on the sacred word before finding the shape of his political words,” the Vatican said, as quoted by AP. 

The decree “advances the causes for canonization,” the Vatican’s statement said.

For Schuman to be recognized as a saint, more steps are needed, including miracles to be attributed to him and validated by the Vatican. Prior to the Pope’s latest decree, Schuman’s followers and devotees had examined his writings and heard from witnesses before sending relevant documents to the Church’s headquarters.

Last year, Pope Francis publicly praised Schuman, having said that “a long period of stability decay and peace invasion” had resulted from his initiative plot.

Vast Strands In the Cosmic Web That Connects the Universe Are Spinning, Scientists Find

The largest spinning objects in the universe are filled with galaxies, and the finding hints that things in the cosmos may be far more dynamically connected than previously imagined.

A FILAMENT FILLED WITH GALAXIES MOVING IN HELICAL MOTION.

IMAGE: AIP/ A KHALATYAN/ J FOHLMEISTER

From our tiny human perspective on Earth, the universe can seem like a deceptively stable place. But in reality, our planet is a rotating orb located in a solar system that sweeps around the center of the Milky Way, which is itself just one of billions of spinning galaxies across the observable universe.

It seems that no matter where we look, objects in the universe are dizzily spinning away. Now, scientists led by Peng Wang, a postdoctoral researcher at Leibniz Institute for Astrophysics Potsdam (AIP), have discovered that objects can rotate on previously unheard-of scales that span hundreds of millions of light years. 

The mind-boggling finding reveals that filaments within the cosmic web, an enormous network of dark matter and gas structures that connects the universe, are rotating, making them “the largest objects known to have angular momentum,” according to a study published on Monday in Nature Astronomy. 

“It's a major finding,” said Noam Libeskind, a cosmologist at AIP who initiated the project and co-authored the study, in a joint call with Wang. “It's a pretty big deal that we've discovered angular momentum, or vorticity, on such a huge scale.”

“I think it will help people understand cosmic flows and how galaxies are moving throughout the cosmic web and through the universe,” he added. “It will help us better understand the important scales for galaxy formation and ultimately, why everything in the universe is spinning and how spin is generated. That is a really, really hard question to solve. It's an unsolved question in cosmology.”

It’s difficult to even contemplate the scales of the spinning filaments, which are threads primarily made of dark matter, a mysterious unidentified substance that is common in the universe. These structures connect distant galaxy clusters and contain gas streams and populations of galaxies within their gargantuan tubular extents. It’s clear that filaments influence the motions of galaxies inside of them to some degree, but the movements of the intergalactic structures themselves, and their exact effect on galactic dynamics, have remained elusive for years. 

“There's some order in this chaotic universe.”

Wang and his colleagues set out to investigate this problem by meticulously examining hundreds of thousands of galaxies within a few billion light years of Earth captured by the Sloan Digital Sky survey based in New Mexico.

[Sections omitted.]

“If the internal rotation of the galaxies themselves is consistent with the filament rotation—if the filament rotation is actually endowing galaxies with their spin—that would be an absolutely fascinating connection,” Libeskind said. “To actually see it in real observations, to see that galaxies are spinning with the filament, would help us understand how gas collapses to form galaxies.”

Scientists, including the authors of the new paper, have widely speculated about this possible connection between the motions of galaxies and the wider cosmic web. In some cases, galaxies that are located tens of millions of light years away seem to be rotationally synced up with each other, suggesting that they are influenced by the same large-scale structures. 

However, Wang’s team is the first to actually measure the rotation of one of these structures, bringing the topic from hypothetical discussion into an observational reality. The new study not only smashes the record for measuring spin on such unprecedented scales, it also hints that objects in the universe may be far more dynamically connected—even across vast distances—than previously imagined.

“For me, at least, it’s incredibly inspiring to know that there's some sort of cosmos to the chaos,” Libeskind said. “There's some order in this chaotic universe. It's really mesmerizing to find these patterns, to look at the heavens and to look at these galaxies that are, on these scales, just specks of dust, and to say: ‘Wow, they're not just swarming randomly. There's actually an ordered motion to them. They're actually moving. They all know about each other. They're all feeling the same gravitational field. They're all moving in the same way.’” 

“I'm awed by it every day of my life,” he concluded.

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Entire article here.

This 3-Billion Light-Year Long Galaxy Chain Could 'Overturn Cosmology'

For a long time, scientists have thought the distribution of matter was evenly spread throughout the observable universe. It's the bedrock of cosmology. Or so we thought.

Researchers discovered a colossal arc of galaxies that spans an unconscionably vast distance of more than 3 billion light-years in a distant corner of the universe, according to a virtual briefing of the American Astronomical Society on June 7.

This could fundamentally "overturn cosmology as we know it," said Alexia Lopez, a cosmologist at the virtual briefing, in a Science News report. "Our standard model, not to put it too heavily, kind of falls through."

The 'Giant Arc' of touching galaxies would span twenty times the moon's width in the night sky

The "Giant Arc", as Lopez and her colleagues at the University of Central Lancashire in Preston, England call it, was observed via the studying of light from roughly 40,000 quasars, during the Sloan Digital Sky Survey. Quasars are thought to be nightmare-provokingly large supermassive black holes actively feeding at the center of a galaxy. And this massive feeding frenzy creates a light so bright that it can be seen at greater distances than almost any other phenomenon can. But while the quasar-borne light is in transit to Earth, some of it is absorbed by atoms in and around the galaxies in our relative foreground, in an aggregation of specific signatures in the light's pattern. And when it reaches astronomers' telescopes, they can tell.

The signature of the Giant Arc lies in magnesium atoms that've lost a single electron, while passing through the halos of galaxies roughly 9.2 billion light-years away. Interpolating the quasar light absorbed by the atoms, the astronomers uncovered a picture of a symmetrical curve of dozens of galaxies, stretching roughly one-fifteenth the radius of the entire observable universe. Obviously, this structure is invisible to the naked eye, but if we could see it in the night sky, the arc of interpenetrating galaxies would span roughly 20 times the full moon's width. Twenty times!

'Tantalizing' evidence for a 'Giant Arc,' but not convincing enough for some

"This is a very fundamental test of the hypothesis that the universe is homogeneous on large scales," said astrophysicist Subir Sarkar at the University of Oxford, who researchers colossal structures of the cosmos, but wasn't involved in the recent work, in the Science News report. If the Giant Arc of the distant universe is confirmed, "this is a very big deal." But Sarkar has doubts. "Our eye has a tendency to pick up patterns," and some people have even unswervingly bizarre claims, like seeing Stephen Hawking's initials written in fluctuations of the cosmic microwave background. This would make Stephen Hawking's initials as old as the oldest light in the universe. Which is absurd.

To determine the odds of galaxies lining up in such a gigantic cosmic march, Lopez executed three statistical tests, and all of them suggested it was no delusion. In fact, one of the tests surpassed the gold standard of physicists: when the chances of an observation being a statistical exception are less than 0.00003 percent. This is impressive, but not convincing enough for Sarkar. "Right now, I would say the evidence is tantalizing but not yet compelling," he said in the Science News report.

As Sarkar said, this is a big deal. But until additional observations are made to further confirm or falsify Lopez and colleagues' Giant Arc hypothesis, we shouldn't throw the whole of cosmology out the window. Even if it turns out to be a fluke, the reality of facing paradigm-shattering discoveries in modern astronomy is a testament to the staggering pace of the field.

…..

Article available here.

ZOG minion Macron welcomes ZOG-Puppet senile-usurper Biden to 'the club'

"It's a big club … 

… and you and I aren't in it."

Judah's Transnational Cast of Collaborators

The warmth between President Joe Biden and French President Emmanuel Macron continued to be on full display on day two of the G-7 summit in Cornwall, England, on Saturday -- with the leaders sitting down for a one-on-one beachside bilateral meeting and Macron agreeing that America is "definitely" back.

"I think that what you demonstrate is that leadership is partnership," Macron said, adding that he appreciates Biden’s commitment.

The president agreed with Macron, saying, "We, the United States, I've said before, we're back. The U.S. is back."

Later, ABC News' Karen Travers followed up with Biden, asking, "Have you convinced allies that America is back?"

Biden tossed the question to Macron, who immediately replied, "Yeah, definitely."

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Entire ZOG Whore propaganda piece here.

Milky Way Galaxy: embryonic development

How galaxies like the Milky Way grow from nothing into dazzling structures has been something of a mystery until now. While a hypothetical way of figuring out their origins existed, it was impossible to put into practice until astrophysicist Pablo G. Pérez-González of the Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias and his international team of scientists put together observations from Hubble and SHARDS (Survey for High-z Absorption Red and Dead Sources) spectroscopy to shed light on the formation of these entities.

[Sections omitted.]

There are some nexus parallels between embryonic galaxies and a developing embryo. 

The data analyzed by Pérez-González and his team is something like a sonogram from space. Embryos are formed after enough cells have multiplied in the zygote phase, with the main difference being that zygotes keep dividing to produce more cells, while galaxies start off as smaller galaxies that merge with other small galaxies until their future selves began to take shape. Star formation within those galaxies is more comparable to cells, though stars grow through accretion of dust and gas rather than splitting.

What is now the majestic Milky Way was probably unrecognizable (as most living embryos are) at this point.

Zygotes that become embryos begin cephalocaudal development, from the head down, which is why they look like one giant head early on. Sometimes it is almost impossible to tell one species from another in this phase. Galaxies that haven’t developed much further than their inner cores do appear something like huge glowing heads. Proximodistal development, which stars months later when the embryo has turned into a fetus, is growth from the center of the body outwards, such as the development of limbs.

Most galaxies like our own tend to show more of a proximodistal pattern of growth once they have had enough mergers, their outer reaches extending further into the void as more stars spawn. Maybe that explains why some scientists are convinced that our brains are mirrors of the universe, however New Age-y it sounds.

Please click above image for larger version.

“The universe was more efficient in forming stars than expected at early epochs,” said Pérez-González. “Now we need to understand why some galaxies start forming very early in the history of the Universe. For that, we need to look for the progenitors of the bulges, and even beyond. Only then we can understand what these galaxies have that speeds up their formation.”  [Entire article available here.]

cosmic speciation: diversity of star-forming galaxies

Cosmic cartographers map nearby Universe revealing the diversity of star-forming galaxies

Click on above image to view larger version

A team of astronomers using the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA) has completed the first census of molecular clouds in the nearby universe, revealing that contrary to previous scientific opinion, these stellar nurseries do not all look and act the same. In fact, they're as diverse as the people, homes, neighborhoods and regions that make up our own world.

Stars are formed out of clouds of dust and gas called molecular clouds, or stellar nurseries. Each stellar nursery in the universe can form thousands or even tens of thousands of new stars during its lifetime. Between 2013 and 2019, astronomers on the PHANGS project (Physics at High Angular Resolution in Nearby GalaxieS) conducted the first systematic survey of 100,000 stellar nurseries across 90 galaxies in the nearby universe to get a better understanding of how they connect back to their parent galaxies.

"We used to think that all stellar nurseries across every galaxy must look more or less the same, but this survey has revealed that this is not the case, and stellar nurseries change from place to place," said Adam Leroy, associate professor of astronomy at Ohio State University (OSU), and lead author of the paper presenting the PHANGS ALMA survey. "This is the first time that we have ever taken millimeter-wave images of many nearby galaxies that have the same sharpness and quality as optical pictures. And while optical pictures show us light from stars, these ground-breaking new images show us the molecular clouds that form those stars."

The scientists compared these changes to the way that people, houses, neighborhoods and cities exhibit like-characteristics but change from region to region and country to country.

"To understand how stars form, we need to link the birth of a single star back to its place in the universe. It's like linking a person to their home, neighborhood, city and region. If a galaxy represents a city, then the neighborhood is the spiral arm, the house the star-forming unit, and nearby galaxies are neighboring cities in the region," said Eva Schinnerer, an astronomer at the Max Planck Institute for Astronomy (MPIA) and principal investigator for the PHANGS collaboration "These observations have taught us that the 'neighborhood' has small but pronounced effects on where and how many stars are born."

To better understand star formation in different types of galaxies, the team observed similarities and differences in the molecular gas properties and star formation processes of galaxy disks, stellar bars, spiral arms, and galaxy centers. They confirmed that the location, or neighborhood, plays a critical role in star formation.

"By mapping different types of galaxies and the diverse range of environments that exist within galaxies, we are tracing the whole range of conditions under which star-forming clouds of gas live in the present-day universe. This allows us to measure the impact that many variables have on the way star formation happens," said Guillermo Blanc, an astronomer at the Carnegie Institution for Science, and a co-author on the paper.

"How stars form, and how their galaxy affects that process, are fundamental aspects of astrophysics," said Joseph Pesce, National Science Foundation's program officer for NRAO/ALMA. "The PHANGS project utilizes the exquisite observational power of the ALMA observatory and has provided remarkable insight into the story of star formation in a new and different way." [Entire article here.]